Preservatives in Sample Collection for Medical Lab Tests: Types and Selection Considerations
Summary
- Preservatives play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of samples collected for medical tests.
- Commonly used preservatives in sample collection include EDTA, Sodium Citrate, and Heparin.
- Each preservative serves a specific purpose and is selected based on the type of test being conducted in the medical lab.
Introduction
Preserving the integrity of samples collected for medical tests is essential for accurate and reliable results. In the field of phlebotomy and medical lab testing, various types of preservatives are used to ensure that specimens remain stable and suitable for analysis. This article will explore the different types of preservatives commonly used in sample collection for tests in a medical lab in the United States.
Types of Preservatives
1. EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid)
EDTA is a chelating agent that is commonly used as a preservative in blood collection tubes. It works by binding to calcium ions in the blood, preventing clotting and maintaining the stability of the sample. EDTA is typically used for tests that require whole blood specimens, such as complete blood count (CBC) and blood typing.
2. Sodium Citrate
Sodium Citrate is another common preservative used in sample collection for coagulation tests. It works by binding to calcium ions, inhibiting the coagulation cascade and ensuring that blood samples remain in a liquid state. Sodium Citrate is often used for tests such as Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT).
3. Heparin
Heparin is a natural Anticoagulant that is used to prevent blood clotting in samples collected for various tests. It works by inhibiting the activity of thrombin and other clotting factors, ensuring that the sample remains free-flowing and suitable for analysis. Heparin is commonly used in plasma tubes for tests such as electrolyte panels and Blood Glucose levels.
Selection of Preservatives
The choice of preservative for sample collection is crucial and depends on the specific requirements of the test being conducted. Different tests may require different preservatives to ensure the stability and accuracy of the results. Lab technicians and phlebotomists must be knowledgeable about the various types of preservatives and their functions to select the appropriate one for each test.
Factors to Consider
- Type of test: Some tests require whole blood specimens, while others require plasma or serum. The preservative chosen must be compatible with the type of sample needed for the test.
- Storage conditions: Certain preservatives may be more suitable for tests that require samples to be stored for an extended period. Factors such as temperature and light exposure may also influence the choice of preservative.
- Patient factors: The health condition and medication history of the patient may also affect the choice of preservative. Some patients may have sensitivities or allergies to certain preservatives, requiring alternative options to be used.
Conclusion
Preservatives play a vital role in maintaining the integrity of samples collected for medical tests in a lab setting. EDTA, Sodium Citrate, and Heparin are among the commonly used preservatives that help ensure the stability and accuracy of Test Results. By understanding the functions and characteristics of these preservatives, healthcare professionals can make informed decisions when selecting the appropriate preservative for each test.
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